HARTLEY Surname - Haplogroup: I1-Z140+ British Isles Y-DNA

One HARTLEY test result shows Y-DNA belonging to the rare I1-Z140+ British Isles [DYS 19=16] Haplogroup cluster [positive for M253+ Z58+ Z140+]
Dr.Kenneth L Nordtvedt Pd.D, Professor Emeritus at Montana State University USA, the leading researcher into Haplo-I1, has estimated that the most recent common [paternal line] ancestor of this HARTLEY line [the MRCA] was born about 2,000BP [Before Present], that is at a time when the Bronze Age was moving into the Iron Age, at a time when English and Germanic tribes were exchanging culture, peoples of Scandinavia [Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark], the North Coast of Germany, the Baltic, the Low Countries and the British Isles.

That MRCA was likely British or Germanic, possibly a King or Tribal Chief. He was descended from a small male lineage, a marginal tribe descended from indigenous North European Natives [Haplogroup I] that included just half-a-dozen or so males, who lived 20,000-2,000 years ago.

The HARTLEYs with Haplo-I1-Z140+ British Isles DNA would have had close links with Scandinavia and the North Coast of Germany, the Baltic and the Low Countries. They would have traded food and goods, and would have exchanged culture, ideas, beliefs and language. Their families would have been inter-connected by cross-marriages.

By the mid-18thC they had settled near Blackburn-Darwen, at the foot of the Pendle Hills, Lancashire, at the dawn of the industrial revolution. Where the HARTLEYs were living during the 'missing' 1,750 years [2,000BP to mid-18thC] is not possible to determine, though, in time, further research of DNA and paper records may solve the mystery.
The present-day location of the Haplo-I1-Z140+ cluster in the British Isles has links with the historical location of Angles and Norse Vikings.

The closest present day DNA matches of males with the same Y-DNA confirm the geographical area of the British Isles, Norway, Sweden, Finland and North Germany. None of the other matches has the surname HARTLEY. [Locations shown on map above; FINLAND: Pedersöre Vaasa, Oulu and Tampere SWEDEN: Karlskrona, Vastmanland, Kopparberg, Värmland and Vasttarna NORWAY: Nordland and Telemark RUSSIA: St Petersburg [close to Finland] GERMANY: Rugen [likely a Viking settler] SCOTLAND: Stirlingshire [likely a Viking settler] ENGLAND: Leeds, Yorkshire and Blackburn, Lancashire [likely Viking settlers] plus a couple in the USA who likely came from England [likely Viking settlers]

marked blue on the map, Haplogroup I1 is native to, and is found mostly in the British Isles, Scandinavia and Northern Germany, where in places, it can represent over 50% of the population. The greatest density of I1 can be found in two distinct areas; to the North of Europe, in the British Isles, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands and Germany; and to the South, at Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Sardinia as Haplogroup I2.
[frequency of 50% in Satakunta, Finland; 40% in Western Finland; 35% in South West Sweden [Gotland] and Southern Norway; gradually decreasing in Denmark and the North German Baltic.
I1 is the most common haplogroup in nearly all regions of Sweden. Within this haplogroup, the regions did not show any deviation among themselves except for the I1 haplotypes found in Värmland. This region differed significantly from two Swedish regions and both the Saami and Österbotten I1 lineages. No other Swedish region differed from the Saami or the Österbotten samples]
Haplogroup-I1 is found in all places associated with the ancient English-Germanic tribes and the Vikings. During the Nordic Stone Age, pre-I1 and I1 people were part of the successive Hamburg culture [15,500-13,000BP] Ahrensburg culture [13,000-11,500 BP], Maglemosian culture [11,500–8,000BP], Kongemose culture [ca. 8,000–7,200BP], Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture [7,200-5,950BP], pre-Bronze Age Funnelbeaker culture [6000-4700BP]; all cultures of Reindeer Hunters. Their settlements were in proximity to the rim of the Ice, and the landscape was tundra with bushy arctic white birch and rowan. The most important prey was the wild reindeer, and the hunters ranged areas as large as 100,000 km2 [40,000 sq miles]. The Corded Ware period [5200-3800BP] marks the arrival of the Indo-European R1a people from the Ukrainian steppes.

I1 is identified by at least 15 unique mutations, which indicates that this lineage has been isolated for a long period of time, or experienced a serious population bottleneck. The first mutation that gives rise to subclade I1 appeared 6,000-4,500BP, somewhere in the far northern part of Europe, possibly a King or Tribal Chief. His descendants are primarily found among the English-Germanic populations of Northern Europe and the bordering Uralic and Celtic populations. They were nomadic hunter-gathers and fishermen, later settled farmers, growing wheat and barley and keeping sheep, goats, pigs and cattle; they hunted Reindeer and Deer in forests and wetlands and they domesticated the wolf. Remains of some of them have been found on the Island of Rügen, home of the Mother Earth Goddess, HERTHA. The Nordic Bronze Age [also Northern Bronze Age] is the name given by Oscar Montelius to a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history, 3,700-2,500BP, with sites that reached as far east as Estonia. I1 is the origin of the gene allowing adults of Northern European descent to digest lactose. The Mother Earth Goddess HERTHA was widely worshipped by them [see Nerthus/Heorotha/Hertha - Name Page]. Evidence of the veneration of a Mother Goddess, representing the Earth, survived among the Angles of Denmark and the English. The megalithic structures [7,000-3,200BP] of Europe [like Stonehenge] were built by pre-I1 people. Bronze Age rock carvings contain some of the earliest depictions of well known Gods from later Norse religion. A common figure in these rock carvings is that of a male figure carrying what appears to be an axe or hammer; most likely this represents Thor. Other male figures are shown holding a spear, representing Odin or Týr, both gods are associated with this weapon. A figure holding a bow is probably Ullr. It is thought these later male Gods became more popular in later Norse religion, than the earlier female Mother Goddess, HERTHA.

Haplogroup I arose in Europe, and is almost non-existent outside of Europe. It originated around 20,000BP, at the start of the Last Great Ice Age, and is indigenous Native European DNA [see Multiregional theory below]; Native Europeans were independent of Africa over many hundreds of thousands of years, bred with co-native cousins 'Homo Neanderthalensis' [aka Neanderthal Man], and have distinct traits such as light hair and eye colour, as shown in the following maps:

Haplogroup I descended from more ancient indigenous Native Europeans like Cro-Magnon, Neanderthal, Heidelberg and Homo antecessor.

Cro-Magnon: ancestral to the current population of Europe and lived as far back as 35,000BP. They had the same high forehead, upright posture and slender skeleton as modern humans but were more robust and had a slightly larger cranial capacity. Cro-Magnon's co-existed with and absorbed the older Neanderthals.

Homo Neanderthalansis: earlier European dating back between 600,000 and 25,000BP. They hunted Bison, Deer, Gazelles and wild Horses that flourished in Europe, and existed until long after the Last Great Ice Age. They had limbs that were shorter and stockier than those of modern Europeans. 'Neanderthal Man' bred with modern Europeans, possibly with Cro Magnon. Modern Europeans share between 2% and 9% of Neanderthal DNA.

Heidelberg: a native European, they existed before Neanderthals, between 800,000 and 100,000BP. Like Cro-Magnon, Heidelberg Man had a larger cranial capacity than modern Europeans; they were tall, 1.8 m [6 foot] on average, and more muscular. They hunted wild Deer, Elephants, Rhinoceroses and Horses, built shelters, and had more advanced tools such as spears and axes; they built boats and were able to travel across open seas to inhabit islands such as Crete. They had an advanced form of behavior, buried their dead, offered gifts and had a primitive form of language. Heidelberg Man inhabited further north as they could withstand much colder climates. They mastered fire and built hearths, to keep warm, cook and ward off preditors.

Homo antecessor: dating from 1.2 million to 800,000BP, they are the earliest known indigenous Native Europeans, a direct ancestor of Haplogroup I1 Europeans, Cro-Magnon, Neanderthal and Heidelberg Man. They were up to 1.8m [6 foot] tall and of similar build to Heidelberg Man but had a smaller cranial capacity. Homo antecessor flint artifacts have been found as widespread as Northern Spain and Norfolk in England. There were no caves in Norfolk so primitive huts would have been constructed for shelter. Hunting would have included Deer, Giant Elk, Horses and Mammoths. Other wildlife at that time included Elephants, Rhinos, Sabre-toothed Cats and Hyenas.

Fossil and genomic data supports the hypothesis of a Multiregional origin of modern humans. The gene flow and sexual reproduction between modern and ancestral human population has not been ruled out; the 'Out of Africa' theory is not a consensus view and many see it as flawed. Clearly, modern humans show evidence of ancient indigenous Native Europeans' traits, from Cro-Magnon, Neanderthal, Heidelberg and Homo antecessor.

Present-day geographical locations of people with matches to Haplogroup I1-Z140+ HARTLEY [DYS19=16] British Isles DNA [positive M253+ Z58+ Z140+]

FINLAND: Pedersöre Vaasa, Oulu and Tampere

SWEDEN: Karlskrona, Vastmanland, Kopparberg, Värmland and Vasttarna

NORWAY: Nordland and Telemark

RUSSIA: St Petersburg [close to Finland]

GERMANY: Rugen [likely a Viking settler]

SCOTLAND: Stirlingshire

ENGLAND: Leeds, Yorkshire and Blackburn, Lancashire
plus a couple in the USA who likely came from England

Famous People tested, results showing Y-DNA Haplogroup I1 include:

[1]Birger JARL aka Birger MAGNUSSON [c. 1210 – 21 October 1266] [latest news* [Dec 2011] no longer confirmed as Haplogroup-I1]

traditionally attributed to have founded the Swedish capital, Stockholm, around 1250, and the consolidation of Sweden as a state. He was a member of the Swedish Royal House of Sverker [on his mother's side], a prominent member of the House of Folkung aka the House of Bjälbo. Birger became the defacto King of Sweden and his line produced several Kings of Sweden and Norway from 1250-1364. He married the sister of King Eric XI of Sweden; she died in 1254 and in 1261 Birger married the widow of King Abel of Denmark, Matilda of Holstein. Birger died on 21 October 1266, at Jälbolung in Västergötland. His grave in at Varnhem Abbey.

Valdemar BIRGERSSON [1239-1302] eldest son of Birger JARL. Valdemar was King of Sweden from 1250-1275, lord of parts of Gothenland until 1278.

Magnus III aka Magnus Ladulås [1240-1290] second eldest son of Birger JARL, was King of Sweden from 1275-1290 after deposing his brother Valdemar Birgersson. Though not independently tested, his son Magnus IV Eriksson of Sweden aka Magnus VII of Norway would belong to the I1 haplogroup by extension from Magnus Ladulås. Died c.1290.

Eric BIRGERSSON, born 1250, Duke of Småland [third son].

Benedict BIRGERSSON, Duke of Finland, born 1254, Bishop of Linköping [fourth son].

and Gregers [Gregory] BIRGERSSON [died January 15, 1276], buried in Minoriterna a monastery in Uppsala. Gregory was a Swedish knight and an illegitimate son of Birger Jarl. He was born out of wedlock by an unknown woman.

It can be assumed all the following members of the House of Bjälbo are Haplogroup-I1, DNA passing father to son:

Valdemar I of Sweden [1239–1302]

Magnus III of Sweden [1240-1290]

Birger I of Sweden [1280-1321]

Valdemar, Duke of Finland [1280s-1318]

Magnus IV of Sweden [1316-1374]

Eric XII of Sweden [1339-1359]

Haakon VI of Sweden & Norway [1340-1380]

Olaf II of Denmark & Norway [1370-1387]

other Famous People with Haplogroup I1 were:

[2] Edmund RICE [b.c.1594 nr.Stanstead Suffolk, England – 3 May 1663 at Marlborough, Massachusetts USA]

[DYS455=8; YCA-IIa,b=19, 21 British Isles-Norse/Scandinavian] reconstructed Y-STR haplotype:

DYS/Alles: DYS19 14 DYS 381i 12 DYS382ii 28 DYS385a 14 DYS385b 14 DYS388 14 DYS390 23 DYS391 10 DYS392 11 DYS393 13 DYS395a 15 DYS395b 15 DYS406s1 9 DYS413a 25 DYS413b 25 DYS425 12 DYS426 11 DYS436 12 DYS437 16 DYS438 10 DYS439 11 DYS441 16 DYS442 12 DYS444 13 DYS445 11 DYS446 13 DYS447 23 DYS448 18

DYS/Alles: DYS449 28 DYS450 8 DYS454 11 DYS455 8 DYS456 14 DYS458 15 DYS459a 8 DYS459b 9 DYS460 10 DYS461 12 DYS462 13 DYS463 21 DYS464a 12 DYS464b 14 DYS464c 15 DYS464d 16

DYS/Alles: DYS472 8 DYS481 25 DYS487 12 DYS490 12 DYS492 12 DYS511 10 DYS520 20 DYS531 11 DYS534 15 DYS537 11 DYS557 15 DYS565 11 DYS568 11 DYS570 20 DYS572 11 DYS576 17 DYS578 8 DYS590 8 DYS594 10 DYS607 14 DYS617 13 DYS635 23 DYS640 11 DYS641 10 CDYa 38 CDYb 39 Y-GATA-A10 15 Y-GATA-H4 11 Y-GGAAT-1B07 11 YCA-IIa 19 YCA-IIb 21

many descendants of Edmund RICE were famous people, including:

Edgar Rice BURROUGHS, [1 September 1875 Chicago Illinois USA - 19 March 1950] author and creator of the Tarzan character

John Calvin COOLIDGE, [4 July 1872 Plymouth Notch, Windsor County, Vermont USA - 5 January 1933] 30th President of the United States

Elias HOWE, [9 July 1819 Spencer, Massachusetts USA - 3 October 1867] inventor of the first practical sewing machine

[3] Leo [Lev Nikolayevich] Tolstoy, [9 September 1828 Yasnaya Polyana, Tula, Russia - 20 November 1910] Russian writer; 'War and Peace' etc.

and finally:

[4] Alexander HAMILTON [11 January 1757 Charlestown, Nevis, British West Indies – 12 July 1804]

Alexander was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher. He was descended from the Scottish laird Alexander Hamilton of Grange, Ayrshire. On 14 December 1780 when he married into a wealthy colonial family; m. Elizabeth Schuyler, daughter of General Philip Schuyler, and thus joined one of the richest military and most political families in the state of New York
[DYS455=8; YCA-IIa,b=19, 21] likely English

The Hamilton's were descended from the Norman, Bernard 'The Dane' de Harcourt, a knight to King Robert 1 [the father of William the Conqueror].

Alexander's Y-DNA test results are:

DYS/Alles: 393 13 390 22 19 14 391 10 385A 13 385B 14 426 11 388 14 439 12 389I 13 392 11 389II 29 458 15 459A 8 459B 9 455 8 454 11 447 22 437 16 448 20

DYS/Alles: 449 31 464A 12 464B 14 464C 15 464D 15

DYS/Alles: 460 10 GATA-H4 10 YCAIIA 19 YCAIIB 21 456 14 607 16 576 16 570 19 CDYA 35 CDYB 38 442 12 438 10

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